How to configure Cisco switch VLAN and assign ports to VLAN in 5 minutes

Virtual LAN ports are widely used in switches to isolate different networks traffic in switches and routers . Below procedure is a quick 4 steps  5 minutes guide which should help you to configure a VLAN on switch and assign a port to it.

• Step 1 : Open a serial port console cable from you laptop to the switch management port . Use a terminal program such as Hyper-Terminal , set the port properties as specified for your switch. Usually the settings would be Baud 9600 , Data bits - 8 , Parity - None , Stop Bits -1 , Flow control - None

• Step 2 :  Check existing VLAN , create a new VLAN

cisco_sw1>
cisco_sw1> enable
cisco_sw1#
cisco_sw1# show vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Gi1/0/1, Gi1/0/2, Gi1/0/3
                                                             
54   VLAN54                           active    Gi1/0/4, Gi1/0/5

Now lets create another VLAN 75

cisco_sw1# config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
cisco_sw1(config)# vlan 75
cisco_sw1(config)# ^Z Press Cntrl Z
cisco_sw1# 

cisco_sw1# show vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Gi1/0/1, Gi1/0/2, Gi1/0/3
                                                             
54   VLAN54                           active    Gi1/0/4, Gi1/0/5

75   VLAN75                           active

• Step 3 :  Assigning a switch port say port no 6 to VLAN 75

cisco_sw1# config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
cisco_sw1(config)# interface Gi1/0/6
cisco_sw1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 75
cisco_sw1(config-if)#^Z
cisco_sw1#
cisco_sw1# show interface status

Port      Name               Status       Vlan       Duplex  Speed Type
Gi1/0/1                      connected    1          a-full  a-100 10/100/1000Ba
seTX
Gi1/0/2                      notconnect   1            auto   auto 10/100/1000Ba
seTX
Gi1/0/3                      connected    1          a-full a-1000 10/100/1000Ba
seTX
Gi1/0/4                      connected    54          a-full a-1000 10/100/1000Ba
seTX
Gi1/0/5                      notconnect   54            auto   auto 10/100/1000Ba
seTX
Gi1/0/6                      notconnect   75            auto   auto 10/100/1000Ba

cisco_sw1# show vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Gi1/0/1, Gi1/0/2, Gi1/0/3
                                                             
54   VLAN54                           active    Gi1/0/4, Gi1/0/5

75   VLAN75                           active    Gi1/0/6


cisco_sw1# show run   (To view full switch config)

• Step 4 :  Save the configuration

cisco_sw1# wr
*Aug 25 12:12:04.413: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoler
Building configuration...
[OK]

cisco_sw1# copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
0 bytes copied in 0.933 secs (0 bytes/sec)

cisco_sw1# exit

Hope this helps to some Cisco switch config beginners.

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How to check MySQL license - community or commercial version

Some of us folks would like to know sometime whether the MySQL software version is a licensed copy or a community edition.  Below is a simple command which can be used to view the MySQL licence details
.

Step1 : Login to MySQL with any username

Step 2 : Execute the below MySQL command.

mysql> select @@license;
+------------+
| @@license  |
+------------+
| Commercial |
+------------+

Above example shows how a commercial licensed software would like. 

mysql> select @@license;

+-----------+

| @@license |

+-----------+

| GPL       |

+-----------+

Above example shows how a community edition software would like. 

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How to : Send SMS using Kannel SMS gateway - configuration , start-up , status check and shutdown procedures

In our previous article , a brief overview of Kannel Gateway architecture and its installation process was given. In this section - we will discuss on basic sample configurations which should be sufficient to connect to a mobile operator SMS center for sending and receiving messages.

Below is a sample configuration file in which parameters are extracted from the default kannel.conf provided in kannel gateway.1.4.3 release to support SMS gateway features. Copy the contents highlighted in blue to a text file under /kannel/cfg/. For example /kannel/cfg/sms1.conf ( Refer our previous article on the installation notes)

group = core
# The below two ports are used for kannel gateway administration.
# The port values should be unique when multiple conf files are created.
admin-port = 10000
smsbox-port = 10001
admin-password = shareolite
log-file = "/kannel/log/bearerbox.log"
# Default log level - enables low level logs also
log-level = 0
box-allow-ip = "127.0.0.1"
access-log = "/kannel/test-access.log"

#This is the main group where SMS center details will be configured
group = smsc
smsc = smpp
smsc-id = http
#SMS center TCP port - which mobile operator provides.
port = 4776
#SMS center Host IP - which mobile operator provides
host = 201.45.66.3
# Mode which indicates whether Transmit & Receive is enabled or only Trasmit
transceiver-mode = 1
system-type = kannel
#SMS center account details - username and password shared by mobile operator
smsc-username = shareo
smsc-password = lite
# Type of Number - Alphanumeric , Numeric etc . Refer manual for details
source-addr-ton = 0
source-addr-npi = 0
dest-addr-ton = 0
dest-addr-npi = 0
keepalive = 600

# This is sendsms process configuration . For kannel gateway management.
group=sendsms-user
username=shareolite
password=blog
max-messages=3
concatenation=true

# This is used by smsbox process. 
group = smsbox
bearerbox-host = localhost
# This port should be unique when multiple conf files are used.
# This port is used in the HTTP URL application which application calls.
sendsms-port = 10200
global-sender = 6666
log-file = "/kannel/log/smsbox.log"
log-level = 0
access-log = "/kannel/log/access.log"

# This is used for incoming messages from SMS center
group = sms-service
accepted-smsc = http
keyword = default
# When a message is received from SMS center this URL is called. Refer manual for wildcards details.
get-url=http://10.12.34.1/cgi-bin/SMSGW?&%t%p&%a&
max-messages=0

• How to start kannel gateway process 

Now that you have installed Kannel gateway under /kannel directory and done with copying the above configuration file , we can start Kannel gateway process by executing below commands in a console

[root@shareolite ~]$ /kannel/bin/bearerbox   /kannel/cfg/sms1.conf &
[root@shareolite ~]$ /kannel/bin/smsbox   /kannel/cfg/sms1.conf &

Check the status of connection and SMPP messages exchanged in kannel logs generated under /kannel/log folder as defined in above configuration.

• How to check the SMS center connection status

Kannel provides a utility to check the online connection status with SMS center . Execute the below command

[root@shareolite ~]$ GET "http://localhost:10000/status?password=shareolite"

where ,
 10000 -> kannel bearer box admin port
 shareolite -> is the management password defined under admin-password

Sample output as below : 

Kannel bearerbox version `1.4.3'.
Hostname shareolite.blogspot.com , IP 192.12.33.4
Libxml version 2.6.26.
Using native malloc.

Status: running, uptime 3d 23h 35m 28s
WDP: received 0 (0 queued), sent 0 (0 queued)

SMS: received 0 (0 queued), sent 3 (0 queued), store size -1
SMS: inbound (0.00,0.00,0.00) msg/sec, outbound (0.17,0.13,0.09) msg/sec

DLR: 0 queued, using internal storage
Box connections:
    smsbox:(none), IP 127.0.0.1 (0 queued), (on-line 3d 23h 35m 26s)

SMSC connections:

    kannel    SMPP:201.45.66.3:4776/4776:shareo: (online 344128s, rcvd 0, sent 3, failed 0, queued 0 msgs)

• How to stop Kannel gateway process

This can be done in two ways. 

First method is a straight forward method of checking the status of bearerbox and smsbox process , get the process IDs and stop using kill command.

[root@shareolite ~]$ ps -ef|grep box

shareolite      987     1  0 Mar18 ?        00:00:21 /kannel/bin/bearerbox /kannel/cfg/sms1.conf

shareolite      992     1  0 Mar18 ?        00:00:19 /kannel/bin/smsbox /kannel/cfg/sms1.conf

[root@shareolite ~]$ kill -9 987 992

Second method is to use the kannel gateway shutdown command which can be invoked as below

[root@shareolite ~]$ GET "http://localhost:10000/shutdown?password=shareolite"

where ,
 10000 -> kannel bearer box admin port
 shareolite -> is the management password defined under admin-password

Now the main part ,

• How to send SMS from a application 

To send SMS , kannel gateway smsbox URL has to be used . A sample URL is provided below

[root@shareolite ~]$ GET "http://127.0.0.1:10200/cgi-bin/sendsms?user=shareolite&pass=blog&text=Hello&to=123456789&from=Shareolite"

where ,
10200 is the send sms port defined in configuration file.
user=shareolite&pass=blog - are referred from the sendms-user group configurations
text= is the message content to be sent
to= is the destination mobile number
from= the sender identifier which will be displayed on subscriber handset

Hope this article is helpful to some Kannel gateway beginners and SMPP enthusiasts.

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How to setup and use Kannel gateway as SMS gateway

Kannel is an Open source SMS (Short Messaging Service) gateway which is developed on Unix environment. This is one of the widely used SMS gateway worldwide to interface with mobile operators messaging centers to send and receive short messages from mobile subscribers using SMPP (Short message Peer to Peer ) protocol.  Here we have tried to explain the basics in a simple way on how it can be setup , configured to connect to a messaging center for sending or receiving short messages.

Below is an overview of Kannel when used a SMS gateway.

As shown in above self explanatory image, it comprises of two processes - SMS Box and Bearer Box.

• SMS Box - This process interfaces your application program with kannel bearerbox process. Application communicate by calling a HTTP URL which has the user authentication details , the short message , the subscriber mobile number ,  the source number etc . This process authenticates these details and further authorize by relaying the message to Bearer Box process.
• Bearer Box - This process interfaces your system with the operator short message centers over TCP/IP i.e, mobile operators usually share SMS center IP and port to which a TCP connection has to be established and further follow the SMPP protocol methods to send and receive messages.This process takes care of encoding & decoding of messages between SMSBox and external SMS centers.

How to install this on a Linux system : 

We recommend you download the stable release from kannel website under this link which is usually a source tar file.In our example , we have the stable release version gateway.1.4.3.

Kannel GW requires the following pre-requisites . Make sure these packages (versions do not matter ) are installed before proceeding with installation 

[root@shareolitelab ~]# rpm -qa | grep libxml

libxml2-1.6.16-10

libxml2-devel-2.6.18-11

libxml2-python-2.6.16-10

Extract the package files 

[root@shareolitelab ~]# tar –zxvf gateway-1.4.3.tar.gz

[root@shareolitelab ~]# cd gateway-1.4.3

[root@shareolitelab ~]# ./configure -disable-ssl

[root@shareolitelab ~]# make

[root@shareolitelab ~]# mkdir –p /kannel/bin        ( Binaries bearerbox & smsbox will be copied here )

[root@shareolitelab ~]# mkdir –p /kannel/cfg        ( Configurations )

[root@shareolitelab ~]# mkdir –p /kannel/util        ( Utils for managing the process )

[root@shareolitelab ~]# mkdir –p /kannel/log        ( Debug logs  )

[root@shareolitelab ~]# make bindir=/kannel/bin install

[root@shareolitelab ~]# cd /kannel/bin

[root@shareolitelab ~]# cp /usr/local/sbin/*box  /kannel/bin/

[root@shareolitelab ~]# vi doc/examples/kannel.conf  ( This has the sample configuration file )

Click here for the next article on kannel gateway configuration , startup , shutdown , sending SMS procedures.

Hope this is useful to some SMPP Kannel beginners. Steps on configuration , startup and verification will be shared shortly.

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How to change Linux default run level - command line , single user , X11

Linux server supports different run levels for its users i.e, a Administrator may choose whether the users should be presented with a Graphical user interface ( GUI) / X windows or only through a command line or single user mode where only the administrators get access.

Below is a method on how to change the default run level in Redhat Linux.

Login as root user and edit the file /etc/inittab

vim /etc/inittab

You will notice the below lines which indicate different levels supported. Note the last line initdefault. The init value entered here indicates the default run level.

# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
#   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#   1 - Single user mode
#   2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
#   3 - Full multiuser mode
#   4 - unused
#   5 - X11
#   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#

id:5:initdefault:

By default X windows will be enabled i.e, value 5 . If you wish to disable and enable only command line option select value 3 and save the file.

Test it by rebooting the system and confirm.

Also you can execute the below init commands manually in a console as a root user to serve your purpose

• init 0      - (shuts down the system)
• init 6      - (reboots the system )
• init 3      - (opens command mode)
• init 5      - (opens X windows mode )

Hope this is useful to some beginners.

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How to install Oracle express edition on Linux in 10 minutes

Oracle Express Edition software also popularly known as oracle XE is a popular free version of database from Oracle. With basic knowledge of Linux commands , one can easily install oracle-xe in maximum 10 minutes.

Here we bring you a tested and verified procedure to quickly install oracle-xe , verify the installation , start-up , shutdown and uninstall procedure.

Download a copy of oracle-xe from their website. Click here to download . In our example we have downloaded the RPM package file oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64.rpm.zip for RHEL 6 64 bit.

• Step 1 : Unzip the RPM package

[root@shareolitelab ~]# unzip oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64.rpm.zip
Archive:  oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64.rpm.zip
   creating: Disk1/
   creating: Disk1/upgrade/
  inflating: Disk1/upgrade/gen_inst.sql
   creating: Disk1/response/
  inflating: Disk1/response/xe.rsp
  inflating: Disk1/oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64.rpm

• Step 2 : Install the Oracle-XE RPM

You can edit the listener port , DB admin username , password in Disk1/response/xe.rsp file optionally

[root@shareolitelab ~]# rpm -ivh oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64.rpm
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:oracle-xe              ########################################### [100%]
Executing post-install steps...
You must run '/etc/init.d/oracle-xe configure' as the root user to configure the database.

• Step 3 : Configure the Oracle-XE database parameters 

[root@shareolitelab ~]# /etc/init.d/oracle-xe configure

Oracle Database 11g Express Edition Configuration
-------------------------------------------------
This will configure on-boot properties of Oracle Database 11g Express
Edition.  The following questions will determine whether the database should
be starting upon system boot, the ports it will use, and the passwords that
will be used for database accounts.  Press <Enter> to accept the defaults.
Ctrl-C will abort.

Specify the HTTP port that will be used for Oracle Application Express [8080]:

Specify a port that will be used for the database listener [1521]:

Specify a password to be used for database accounts.  Note that the same
password will be used for SYS and SYSTEM.  Oracle recommends the use of
different passwords for each database account.  This can be done after
initial configuration:
Confirm the password:

Do you want Oracle Database 11g Express Edition to be started on boot (y/n) [y]:

Starting Oracle Net Listener...Done
Configuring database...
Done
Starting Oracle Database 11g Express Edition instance...Done
Installation completed successfully.

That's it . Congratulations - your oracle XE setup is ready to accept DB connections.

• How to check for oracle XE process instance 

Using ps command check the status of oracle instance and listener status which should display as below

[root@shareolitelab ~]# ps -ef|grep ora
oracle    1767     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:01:15 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/xe/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inherit
oracle    1822     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:03:21 xe_pmon_XE
oracle    1824     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:05:37 xe_psp0_XE
oracle    1826     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:08:36 xe_vktm_XE
oracle    1830     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:41 xe_gen0_XE
oracle    1832     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:01:06 xe_diag_XE
oracle    1834     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:40 xe_dbrm_XE
oracle    1836     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:09:08 xe_dia0_XE
oracle    1838     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:42 xe_mman_XE
oracle    1840     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:01:13 xe_dbw0_XE
oracle    1842     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:01:13 xe_lgwr_XE
oracle    1844     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:04:45 xe_ckpt_XE
oracle    1846     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:01:05 xe_smon_XE
oracle    1848     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:18 xe_reco_XE
oracle    1850     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:04:25 xe_mmon_XE
oracle    1852     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:02:19 xe_mmnl_XE
oracle    1854     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:26 xe_d000_XE
oracle    1856     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:23 xe_s000_XE
oracle    1858     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:23 xe_s001_XE
oracle    1860     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:22 xe_s002_XE
oracle    1862     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:22 xe_s003_XE
oracle    1892     1  0 Feb27 ?        01:18:02 xe_vkrm_XE
oracle    1894     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:14 xe_qmnc_XE
oracle    2084     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:03:54 xe_cjq0_XE
oracle    2114     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:23 xe_q000_XE
oracle    2116     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:16 xe_q001_XE
oracle    2559     1  0 Feb27 ?        00:00:54 xe_smco_XE
oracle   29914     1  0 20:52 ?        00:00:00 xe_w000_XE
root     29937 29917  0 20:52 pts/2    00:00:00 grep ora

• How to connect to oracle XE as sysdba user 

Use sqlplus command and provide the credentials as below. Remember to give the password used during installation for sysdba user.

[root@shareolitelab ~]# sqlplus sys/oracle@xe as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.2.0 Production on Fri Feb 27 20:54:13 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Express Edition Release 11.2.0.2.0 - 64bit Production
SQL>

• How to stop oracle XE using Linux service

Oracle provides an option to install XE as a linux service . Hence login as root user and execute below command .

[root@shareolitelab ~]# service oracle-xe stop
Shutting down Oracle Database 11g Express Edition instance.
Stopping Oracle Net Listener.

• How to start oracle XE using Linux service

[root@shareolitelab ~]# service oracle-xe start
Starting Oracle Net Listener.
Starting Oracle Database 11g Express Edition instance.

• How to uninstall oracle XE

Check for the RPM name to remove by executing below command.

[root@shareolitelab ~]# rpm -qa |grep oracle-xe
oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64

Uninstall the RPM using below command.

[root@shareolitelab ~]# rpm -e oracle-xe-11.2.0-1.0.x86_64

Hope this is useful to some beginners.

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GSM character set

Below table has the character set used in GSM 

( Global System for Mobile Communications )  

Character	Description	Encoded Hex Byte	Decimal Value
@	COMMERCIAL AT (U+0040)	00	0
£	POUND SIGN (U+00A3)	01	1
$	DOLLAR SIGN (U+0024)	02	2
¥	YEN SIGN (U+00A5)	03	3
è	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE (U+00E8)	04	4
é	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE (U+00E9)	05	5
ù	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE (U+00F9)	06	6
ì	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE (U+00EC)	07	7
ò	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE (U+00F2)	08	8
ç	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA (U+00E7)	09	9
	LINE FEED (LF) (U+000A)	0a	10
Ø	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE (U+00D8)	0b	11
ø	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE (U+00F8)	0c	12
	CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) (U+000D)	0d	13
Å	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE (U+00C5)	0e	14
å	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE (U+00E5)	0f	15
?	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA (U+0394)	10	16
_	LOW LINE (U+005F)	11	17
F	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI (U+03A6)	12	18
G	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA (U+0393)	13	19
?	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA (U+039B)	14	20
O	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA (U+03A9)	15	21
?	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI (U+03A0)	16	22
?	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI (U+03A8)	17	23
S	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA (U+03A3)	18	24
T	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA (U+0398)	19	25
?	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI (U+039E)	1a	26
	NO-BREAK SPACE (U+00A0)	1b	27
	FORM FEED (FF) (U+000C)	1b0a
^	CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (U+005E)	1b14
{	LEFT CURLY BRACKET (U+007B)	1b28
}	RIGHT CURLY BRACKET (U+007D)	1b29
\	REVERSE SOLIDUS (U+005C)	1b2f
[	LEFT SQUARE BRACKET (U+005B)	1b3c
~	TILDE (U+007E)	1b3d
]	RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET (U+005D)	1b3e
|	VERTICAL LINE (U+007C)	1b40
€	EURO SIGN (U+20AC)	1b65
Æ	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE (U+00C6)	1c	28
æ	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE (U+00E6)	1d	29
ß	LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (U+00DF)	1e	30
É	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE (U+00C9)	1f	31
	SPACE (U+0020)	20	32
!	EXCLAMATION MARK (U+0021)	21	33
"	QUOTATION MARK (U+0022)	22	34
#	NUMBER SIGN (U+0023)	23	35
¤	CURRENCY SIGN (U+00A4)	24	36
%	PERCENT SIGN (U+0025)	25	37
&	AMPERSAND (U+0026)	26	38
'	APOSTROPHE (U+0027)	27	39
(	LEFT PARENTHESIS (U+0028)	28	40
)	RIGHT PARENTHESIS (U+0029)	29	41
*	ASTERISK (U+002A)	2a	42
+	PLUS SIGN (U+002B)	2b	43
,	COMMA (U+002C)	2c	44
-	HYPHEN-MINUS (U+002D)	2d	45
.	FULL STOP (U+002E)	2e	46
/	SOLIDUS (U+002F)	2f	47
0	DIGIT ZERO (U+0030)	30	48
1	DIGIT ONE (U+0031)	31	49
2	DIGIT TWO (U+0032)	32	50
3	DIGIT THREE (U+0033)	33	51
4	DIGIT FOUR (U+0034)	34	52
5	DIGIT FIVE (U+0035)	35	53
6	DIGIT SIX (U+0036)	36	54
7	DIGIT SEVEN (U+0037)	37	55
8	DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038)	38	56
9	DIGIT NINE (U+0039)	39	57
:	COLON (U+003A)	3a	58
;	SEMICOLON (U+003B)	3b	59
<	LESS-THAN SIGN (U+003C)	3c	60
=	EQUALS SIGN (U+003D)	3d	61
>	GREATER-THAN SIGN (U+003E)	3e	62
?	QUESTION MARK (U+003F)	3f	63
¡	INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK (U+00A1)	40	64
A	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A (U+0041)	41	65
B	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B (U+0042)	42	66
C	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C (U+0043)	43	67
D	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D (U+0044)	44	68
E	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E (U+0045)	45	69
F	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F (U+0046)	46	70
G	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G (U+0047)	47	71
H	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H (U+0048)	48	72
I	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I (U+0049)	49	73
J	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J (U+004A)	4a	74
K	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K (U+004B)	4b	75
L	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L (U+004C)	4c	76
M	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M (U+004D)	4d	77
N	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N (U+004E)	4e	78
O	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O (U+004F)	4f	79
P	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P (U+0050)	50	80
Q	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q (U+0051)	51	81
R	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R (U+0052)	52	82
S	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S (U+0053)	53	83
T	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T (U+0054)	54	84
U	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U (U+0055)	55	85
V	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V (U+0056)	56	86
W	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W (U+0057)	57	87
X	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X (U+0058)	58	88
Y	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y (U+0059)	59	89
Z	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z (U+005A)	5a	90
Ä	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS (U+00C4)	5b	91
Ö	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS (U+00D6)	5c	92
Ñ	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE (U+00D1)	5d	93
Ü	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS (U+00DC)	5e	94
§	SECTION SIGN (U+00A7)	5f	95
¿	INVERTED QUESTION MARK (U+00BF)	60	96
a	LATIN SMALL LETTER A (U+0061)	61	97
b	LATIN SMALL LETTER B (U+0062)	62	98
c	LATIN SMALL LETTER C (U+0063)	63	99
d	LATIN SMALL LETTER D (U+0064)	64	100
e	LATIN SMALL LETTER E (U+0065)	65	101
f	LATIN SMALL LETTER F (U+0066)	66	102
g	LATIN SMALL LETTER G (U+0067)	67	103
h	LATIN SMALL LETTER H (U+0068)	68	104
i	LATIN SMALL LETTER I (U+0069)	69	105
j	LATIN SMALL LETTER J (U+006A)	6a	106
k	LATIN SMALL LETTER K (U+006B)	6b	107
l	LATIN SMALL LETTER L (U+006C)	6c	108
m	LATIN SMALL LETTER M (U+006D)	6d	109
n	LATIN SMALL LETTER N (U+006E)	6e	110
o	LATIN SMALL LETTER O (U+006F)	6f	111
p	LATIN SMALL LETTER P (U+0070)	70	112
q	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q (U+0071)	71	113
r	LATIN SMALL LETTER R (U+0072)	72	114
s	LATIN SMALL LETTER S (U+0073)	73	115
t	LATIN SMALL LETTER T (U+0074)	74	116
u	LATIN SMALL LETTER U (U+0075)	75	117
v	LATIN SMALL LETTER V (U+0076)	76	118
w	LATIN SMALL LETTER W (U+0077)	77	119
x	LATIN SMALL LETTER X (U+0078)	78	120
y	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y (U+0079)	79	121
z	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z (U+007A)	7a	122
ä	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS (U+00E4)	7b	123
ö	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS (U+00F6)	7c	124
ñ	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE (U+00F1)	7d	125
ü	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS (U+00FC)	7e	126
à	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE (U+00E0)	7f	127

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How to solve MySQL ERROR 1827 (HY000)

When trying to create a user in MySQL 5.6 , got this error 

mysql> CREATE USER tida IDENTIFIED BY password 'tida123';
ERROR 1827 (HY000): The password hash doesn't have the expected format. Check if the correct password algorithm is being used with the PASSWORD() function.

Wondering how to solve it, well the solution is quite simple . In MySQL 5.6 - additional security measures are taken to avoid the user entering plain simple passwords 

How we fixed it :

By using hash value of the password as recommended by MySQL

Step 1 : Use password() function and get the has value of password

mysql> select password('tida123');

+-------------------------------------------+

| password('tida123')                       |

+-------------------------------------------+

| *AF63CFEA4EC006E3490BBFB0FB81DC0AF2921348 |

+-------------------------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Step 2 : Use this password in the create user statement

mysql> CREATE USER tida IDENTIFIED BY password '*AF63CFEA4EC006E3490BBFB0FB81DC0AF2921348';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

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